Time, labour and cost of caring for ageing
Family Life Stages & Consumer Safety · By Kushal Daga · Published 2026-10-24
Care and financial support in ageing families: continued evidence 1
OpenAlex research index approaches Care and financial support in ageing families through the document titled “Care and financial support in ageing families the changing shape of inequality.” The retrieved passage says, “Background Sweden is often seen as a place where older adults and their families are well supported thanks to comprehensive social policies such as generous pensions universal healthcare and publicly funded old age care These pillars of the.” Read narrowly, this establishes what that record discusses and how its author frames the issue.
The decision-relevant limit around Care and financial support in ageing families is visible in OECD Economics Department working papers, attached to “Policies for Switzerland’s ageing society.” Its retrieved passage reads, “bring a range of opportunities but will likely weigh on growth in GDP per capita and increase public spending They may also widen existing inequalities This paper highlights three key policy challenges to preserve high living standards in.” That material can inform context, terminology and the sequence of events.
The decision-relevant limit around Care and financial support in ageing families is visible in OpenAlex research index, attached to “Care and financial support in ageing families the changing shape of inequality.” Its retrieved passage reads, “this model potentially reshaping how support is provided and received in families Little is known about how families are adapting to these shifts especially when it comes to important intergenerational support such as care for older parents and.” That material can inform context, terminology and the sequence of events.
For this part of Care and financial support in ageing families, OECD Economics Department working papers contributes the source “Policies for Switzerland’s ageing society.” In the retrieved material, the relevant wording is, “labour market and tax system contribute to early retirement and involuntary retirement Boosting employability at older ages and broadening older workers’ options would dampen the economic impact of ageing Third the Swiss health system delivers good outcomes but.” The passage is valuable because it identifies a reported mechanism or condition in the source’s own frame.
The useful starting point for Care and financial support in ageing families is OpenAlex research index, whose source record is “Care and financial support in ageing families the changing shape of inequality.” Its available text includes, “may adapt in different ways depending on their gender social circumstances and socioeconomic position as access to resources and capacities to provide or seek support vary Aim The aim of the thesis was twofold 1 to deepen understanding.” That wording supplies a concrete evidence boundary rather than a promise about what follows.
Ageing and Employment Policies: continued evidence 2
For this part of Ageing and Employment Policies, Ageing and Employment Policies contributes the source “Ageing and Employment Policies.” In the retrieved material, the relevant wording is, “The digital revolution the green transition and rising longevity are giving rise to more fluid fragmented and diverse career paths spread out over a longer lifespan Consequently workers across the globe are rethinking their career ambitions and increasingly.” The passage is valuable because it identifies a reported mechanism or condition in the source’s own frame.
For this part of Ageing and Employment Policies, City Research Online City University London contributes the source “The Last-Time Buyer housing and finance for an ageing society.” In the retrieved material, the relevant wording is, “number of people over 65 is set to rise 52 between 2015 and 2040 It is of course welcome to see people living longer healthier lives with more opportunities and plans for retirement But this presents increasing challenges.” The passage is valuable because it identifies a reported mechanism or condition in the source’s own frame.
City Research Online City University London approaches Ageing and Employment Policies through the document titled “The Last-Time Buyer housing and finance for an ageing society.” The retrieved passage says, “and supporting them onto the housing ladder starting a business venture contributing to future care costs or seeking more suitable housing for their lifestyle including downsizing Much of this will require a boost in their finances but age.” Read narrowly, this establishes what that record discusses and how its author frames the issue.
The useful starting point for Ageing and Employment Policies is Ageing and Employment Policies, whose source record is “Ageing and Employment Policies.” Its available text includes, “career transitions that give more experienced workers better opportunities to grow their skills pay and talent Such increased opportunities will yield benefits for all helping businesses as many continue to see vacancies go unfilled as well as workers.” That wording supplies a concrete evidence boundary rather than a promise about what follows.
A second way to test Ageing and Employment Policies comes from Ageing and Employment Policies and its record “Ageing and Employment Policies.” The source text states, “identifies the benefits and risks associated with mobility for mid-career and older workers in OECD economies The report also provides recommendations and good policy practices and solutions from around the world on overcoming barriers to career mobility Ensuring.” This is evidence of the statement appearing in that record; it is not evidence that every possible interpretation is correct.
Trade Off Map view 1: Care and financial support in ageing families : the changing shape of in
Evidence fieldDocument
Documented valueCare and financial support in ageing families : the changing shape of inequality
Evidence fieldProvider
Documented valueOpenAlex research index
Evidence fieldBounded finding
Documented valueBackground: Sweden is often seen as a place where older adults and their families are well supported, thanks to comprehensive social policies such as generous pensions, universal healthcare, and publicly funded old age care. These pillars of the Nordic welfare model are designed to ensure equity and relieve families of extensive care and financial responsibilities. However, recent developments such as population ageing, growing socioeconomic inequality, welfare retrenchment, and care marketisation have begun to challenge this model, potentially reshaping how support is provided and received in families. Little is known about how families are adapting to these shifts, especially when it comes to important intergenerational support, such as care for older parents and financial help to adult children and grandchildren. Although prior research has contributed valuable insights, less attention has been paid to the oldest-old, the inclusion of grandchildren, and shifts in multiple care sources over time. Moreover, families may adapt in different ways depending on their gender, social circumstances and socioeconomic position, as access to resources and capacities to provide or seek support vary. Aim: The aim of the thesis was twofold: (1) to deepen understanding of how patterns of care and financial support within ageing families are evolving in the Swedish context, with a focus on intergenerational exchange, and (2) to explore gender and socioeconomic disparities that may both shape and result from these patterns, in light of broader societal change. Data: This thesis addresses the knowledge gaps using nationally representative data from the Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old (SWEOLD), which includes those with the greatest care needs and allows for analysis at the parent-child dyad level, including financial support to grandchildren. Study I: Using data from the sixth wave of SWEOLD from year 2021 and parent- child dyads, findings showed that half of the pairs had some form of support exchange. One-third involved only care from adult child to parent, 14 percent involved only financial support from older parents to adult children and/or grandchildren, and 7 percent engaged in both exchanges. Mothers were more likely to be involved than fathers in any support exchange, even after adjusting for family characteristics and geographical proximity. A higher parental social class belonging increased the likelihood of giving financial support, regardless of the child's social class.
Caring across borders: ageing and digital technology in transnational families: continued evidence 3
In the realm of transnational families, the integration of digital technologies has significantly transformed the way ageing parents are cared for across borders. This phenomenon, as highlighted in the study "Caring across borders: ageing and digital technology in transnational families" (S3), underscores the complex interplay between technological advancements and cultural norms. The research reveals that while digital technologies facilitate remote care, they also amplify the physical and emotional distance between generations. This dual effect is particularly evident in the case of migrant children who use digital tools to support their ageing parents, often leading to a new form of emotional labour and strategic concealment in transnational family care. The Gerontologist
The Gerontologist The study identifies five key themes that emerge from the analysis of these transnational caregiving practices. Firstly, the adoption and challenges of ICT-mediated care are explored, highlighting the difficulties in maintaining connections and the need for adaptation to local contexts. Secondly, the ambivalence towards digital intimacy is evident, as families grapple with the balance between maintaining a sense of connection and respecting cultural norms. Thirdly, the emotional labour and strategic concealment in transnational family care is discussed, emphasizing the importance of emotional resilience and the strategic concealment of caregiving responsibilities.
Fourthly, cultural norms and moral hierarchies of digital care are examined, revealing how these norms influence the way care is perceived and practiced. Finally, the structural inequalities in transnational care are discussed, underscoring the need for coordinated infrastructures to support ageing transnational families. The Gerontologist The findings of this study are particularly relevant in understanding the challenges faced by older adults in the context of transnational families. The research highlights the need for stronger digital inclusion and coordinated cross-border care infrastructures to support ageing transnational families.
However, it also cautions against the potential for these technologies to reproduce existing social, gendered, and global inequalities. The study emphasizes the importance of enabling older adults to age with dignity, connection, and security, while avoiding the reproduction of existing social, gendered, and global inequalities. The Gerontologist The research also underscores the importance of valuing unpaid care labour, as highlighted in the study "The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and their families in Poland: Making the case for valuing unpaid care labour" (S6). This study provides a qualitative narrative account of Polish worker-carers and their families, exploring the linked lives of these individuals across borders and over the lifecourse.
The research reveals that mobility and fixity can be an opportunity for some individuals to rebalance intergenerational power relations and develop intimacy at a distance, develop non-familial relations of care, or escape toxic relations and remake social reproduction. The Gerontologist
Policies for Switzerland’s ageing society: continued evidence 4
Switzerland, like many other developed nations, is experiencing an aging population. At the same time, life expectancy is increasing, leading to a significant shift in the demographic landscape. The ratio of retirees to employees is set to soar, with most workers retiring around age 65. This development brings a range of opportunities but will likely weigh on growth in GDP per capita and increase public spending. It may also widen existing inequalities. OECD Economics Department working papers
The pension system ensures good retirement incomes despite a lack of reforms. However, reforms are urgently needed as the system is under increasing pressure. A range of disincentives and barriers in the labor market and tax system contribute to early retirement and involuntary retirement. Boosting employability at older ages and broadening older workers' options would dampen the economic impact of ageing. OECD Economics Department working papers
The Swiss health system delivers good outcomes but at a higher cost than other countries, and ageing will only exacerbate the associated pressures. Cost containment and improved coordination are vital. Adjusting the financing of long-term care could improve access and the overall quality of long-term care. OECD Economics Department working papers
The OECD Economics Department working paper on labour market reform in Japan to cope with a shrinking and ageing population highlights the need for fundamental reform of traditional Japanese labor market practices. A shift to more flexible employment and wage systems based on performance rather than age would enable Japan to better utilise its human capital. Abolishing the right of firms to set mandatory retirement – typically at age 60 – would enable employees to extend their careers and reduce the link between wages and seniority. It would also facilitate a further increase in the pension eligibility age above 65, thereby helping to reduce poverty among the elderly. OECD Economics Department working papers
Life-long learning is another key element to extending careers. It is also crucial to address a range of issues that discourage the employment of women, namely the lack of work-life balance and shortages of high quality and affordable childcare and long-term care for the elderly. Fighting discrimination and gender stereotypes is also important to allow women to assume greater leadership roles. OECD Economics Department working papers
Coping with population decline also requires pursuing recent efforts to increase the role of foreign workers in Japan. Breaking down labor market dualism is crucial to expand employment opportunities for women and older people, while reducing income inequality and relative poverty. OECD Economics Department working papers
The Last-Time Buyer: housing and finance for an ageing society: continued evidence 5
The Baby Boomer generation is retiring and aspirations for later life will prove very different to previous generations. Those retiring at 65 can expect to live for another 23 years, compared with 16 in 1980, and the number of people over 65 is set to rise 52% between 2015 and 2040. It is of course welcome to see people living longer, healthier lives, with more opportunities and plans for retirement. However, this presents increasing challenges in terms of how people manage their finances and for the housing market. City Research Online City University London
The needs and ambitions of those in later life are becoming more diverse, ranging from household renovations, passing wealth to the next generations and supporting them onto the housing ladder, starting a business venture, contributing to future care costs or seeking more suitable housing for their lifestyle, including downsizing. Much of this will require a boost in their finances, but age has previously acted as a barrier to lending in later life. The financial sector has perhaps been slow to react to the changing needs of the population, but this is rapidly changing. Equity release was the only financial product available, but over the past few years, the choice for over 50s has expanded. City Research Online City University London
Alongside equity release, there are now Retirement Interest Only (RIO) products with no defined term or minimum equity requirements, along with repayment and fixed-term interest-only mortgages that can be taken out up to the age of 85. This broadens the options available to those in, or about to be in, retirement. Financial advice for older borrowers will remain crucial in driving awareness of the growing range of options. And specialist lenders will play a vital role as they invest time and care in assessing suitability of options to individual circumstances, ensuring lending is responsible with high levels of customer care. City Research Online City University London
Widening the options for older homeowners requires changing mind-sets further afield than the financial sector. The Government's recent interventions to help first-time buyers have been welcome, but to improve the housing market for the longer-term, there needs to be a refocus towards helping 'last-time buyers', as this report suggests, providing retirees with financial freedoms and creating incentives to downsize, where appropriate, to free up housing stock for younger generations. More detailed and holistic regional plans are also required. City Research Online City University London
Trade Off Map view 2: Ageing and Employment Policies
Evidence fieldDocument
Documented valueAgeing and Employment Policies
Evidence fieldProvider
Documented valueAgeing and Employment Policies
Evidence fieldBounded finding
Documented valueThe digital revolution, the green transition and rising longevity are giving rise to more fluid, fragmented and diverse career paths spread out over a longer lifespan.Consequently, workers across the globe are rethinking their career ambitions and increasingly face the prospect of having to seek new job opportunities and switch careers at middle and older ages.The rate of job changes has increased in recent decades and according to the 2022 AARP Global Employee Survey, almost one in two workers aged 45 and above hopes to or expects to change jobs within the next three years.The green and digital transitions will no doubt create new job opportunities with prospects for good pay, benefits and career progression.Yet, the evidence presented in this report suggests that the likelihood of workers switching to new occupations declines substantially with age.Moreover, unwanted job loss as a result of economic restructuring carries a substantial penalty for many older workers through lower wages in new jobs or long periods of unemployment, hurting overall economic productivity and worker well-being.Older workers with low skills are the most likely to be left behind by the transition into better-paying jobs with better working conditions that do not undermine their health and quality of life.Therefore, business and policy makers will need to do more to support positive and inclusive career transitions that give more experienced workers better opportunities to grow their skills, pay and talent.Such increased opportunities will yield benefits for all, helping businesses, as many continue to see vacancies go unfilled, as well as workers desiring to fulfil their career goals.This report adds to the evidence base on how often and what type of career transitions workers make as they age and on the quality of these job changes.It identifies the benefits and risks associated with mobility for mid-career and older workers in OECD economies.The report also provides recommendations and good policy practices and solutions from around the world on overcoming barriers to career mobility.Ensuring that workers have greater choices and opportunities for career mobility throughout their working lives so that they can work in jobs that meet their needs as they age is an essential requirement of the modern labour market. PROMOTING BETTER CAREER CHOICES FOR LONGER WORKING LIVES © OECD 2024 Key messagesCareer mobility, or the fact of changing jobs or occupations, within or between firms, is essential for the functioning of labour markets and sustaining productivity.At the worker level, it is a wellestablished driver of wage growth, especially for younger workers.Several megatrends such as rising longevity and the digital revolution are moving workers of all ages towards greater career mobility.• Workers 45 to 64 already constituted 41% of the OECD workforce in 2022, up from 29% in 1990.With people staying in the labour force longer, an increasing number of workers want to change or rethink their career ambitions, and therefore planning for a career later in life is becoming increasingly important.• The 2022 AARP Global Employee Survey reveals that one in two workers over 45 is hoping to change jobs within the next three years.On average across OECD countries the rate of job-to-job transitions increased by 1.5% between 2012 and 2020.More people may actually want to change job than currently do because of various structural or personal constraints.Barriers to work due to health problems and disabilities increase with age, alongside demands for providing informal caregiving.These barriers can make it more difficult for older workers to continue working the same way they used to resulting in an increased need for career mobility.For women, childbirth imposes a penalty in terms of wages and career progression.Childbirth can disrupt women's career trajectories through breaks in employment, part-time work and employment in jobs with greater flexibility but lower wages and fewer benefits.Technological change has profound implications for older workers (aged over 55), who may need support in transitioning towards growing sectors and occupations.• Older workers are 14% more likely to work in routine manual occupations than younger workers, thus facing a higher risk of losing their job due to automation.
The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and: continued evidence 6
Durham e-Theses Durham University approaches The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and through the document titled “The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and their families in Poland Making the.” The retrieved passage says, “This thesis is a qualitative narrative account of a 2 year study into Polish migration and stasis in the UK and Poland through the language of care It explores the linked lives of Polish worker-carers and their children.” Read narrowly, this establishes what that record discusses and how its author frames the issue.
A second way to test The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and comes from OECD economic surveys Belgium and its record “Labour cost growth impacted price competitiveness.” The source text states, “public spending and reforming the budgetary framework to increase accountability across governments would help ensure public finances are on a sustainable path Reforms to taxes and benefits could foster labour market activation and expand the tax base Strengthening.” This is evidence of the statement appearing in that record; it is not evidence that every possible interpretation is correct.
For this part of The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and, Durham e-Theses Durham University contributes the source “The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and their families in Poland Making the.” In the retrieved material, the relevant wording is, “ethnographic study based on repeat visits to 18 households in the UK and Poland biographical interviews with midlife women and follow up visits to some participants’ families in Poland It was framed conceptually by ideas about mobility and.” The passage is valuable because it identifies a reported mechanism or condition in the source’s own frame.
The decision-relevant limit around The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and is visible in OECD economic surveys Belgium, attached to “Labour cost growth impacted price competitiveness.” Its retrieved passage reads, “though In absence of fiscal consolidation the debt-to-GDP ratio is projected to rise fast Cutting ineffective public spending and reforming the budgetary framework to increase accountability across governments would help ensure public finances are on a sustainable path.” That material can inform context, terminology and the sequence of events.
The useful starting point for The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and is Durham e-Theses Durham University, whose source record is “The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and their families in Poland Making the.” Its available text includes, “access to pooled familial resources The thesis also finds that there is a need to take into account the ways in which some of the young old’ often continue to work care and remain independent well into old.” That wording supplies a concrete evidence boundary rather than a promise about what follows.
Labour market reform in Japan to cope with a shrinking: continued evidence 7
The OECD Economics Department working paper titled "Labour market reform in Japan to cope with a shrinking and ageing population" emphasizes the necessity of fundamental changes in traditional Japanese labor market practices to address rapid population aging and the era of 100-year lives. The paper suggests a shift towards more flexible employment and wage systems based on performance rather than age, enabling Japan to better utilize its human capital. Abolishing the right of firms to set mandatory retirement at age 60 would allow employees to extend their careers and reduce the link between wages and seniority, facilitating a further increase in the pension eligibility age above 65, thereby helping to reduce poverty among the elderly. Additionally, the paper highlights the importance of life-long learning as a key element in extending careers. OECD Economics Department working papers
It also addresses issues that discourage the employment of women, such as the lack of work-life balance and shortages of high-quality and affordable childcare and long-term care for the elderly. Fighting discrimination and gender stereotypes is also crucial to allow women to assume greater leadership roles. The OECD Economic Survey of Japan, published in 2019, provides insights into the challenges faced by the Japanese economy and highlights the need for labor market reform to cope with population decline. The survey notes that all countries in Europe are experiencing an aging population, with a decrease in the number of people of working age per retiree. OECD Economics Department working papers
Health trends among the elderly are mixed, with severe disability declining in some countries but increasing in others, while mild disability and chronic disease are generally increasing. The survey suggests that a better coordination of care across health and social services, as well as across different levels of health care, is crucial. It also recommends measures that reduce the risk of disease and promote the maintenance of function, confidence, and engagement, such as health promotion and disease prevention programs that target the main causes of morbidity and premature mortality, including obesity and hypertension, as well as mental health. Physical exercise and social involvement are also highlighted as particularly important for these activities and interventions. OECD Economics Department working papers
The period from middle age onwards is particularly important for these activities and interventions. Building adequate systems of long-term care is also crucial, with the OECD Economics Department working paper emphasizing the importance of supporting economic and social integration. The decline in the share of the population of working age that will have to finance the health system can be addressed by measures that enable more older people to remain in the labor force. Policies in support of healthy ageing also need to address the need for the continued social engagement of elderly people. OECD Economics Department working papers
Ageing cost and other fiscal pressures will weigh on the: continued evidence 8
The OECD Economic Surveys report highlights that aging in Denmark is a significant challenge for the public finances. Despite robust growth, the economy has been operating at two speeds, with headline inflation falling but underlying price pressures remaining high. The public finances are strong with a budget surplus and low public debt, but population aging poses long-term risks to the social model, necessitating efficiency gains at the local level. Ambitious greenhouse gas emission reduction targets and policies are in place, but further reforms are needed to advance the green transition. OECD economic surveys Denmark
A reduction in barriers to working longer hours, extending working lives for young and older people, and international recruitment can help address persistent labor shortages. The demographic, digital, and green transitions will transform jobs and skills requirements, necessitating an agile education and training system throughout working life. OECD economic surveys Denmark The OpenAlex research index, "Care and Financial Support in Aging Families: The Changing Shape of Inequality," examines how families adapt to shifts in support patterns, particularly focusing on intergenerational exchange and gender and socioeconomic disparities. The study uses nationally representative data from the Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old (SWEOLD), which includes those with the greatest care needs, allowing for analysis at the parent-child dyad level.
The findings show that half of the pairs had some form of support exchange, with one-third involving only care from adult children to parents, 14 percent involving only financial support from older parents to adult children and/or grandchildren, and 7 percent engaging in both exchanges. Mothers were more likely to be involved than fathers, even after adjusting for family characteristics and geographical proximity. OECD economic surveys Denmark The research aims to deepen understanding of how patterns of care and financial support within aging families are evolving in the Swedish context, with a focus on intergenerational exchange, and to explore gender and socioeconomic disparities that may both shape and result from these patterns, in light of broader societal change. The study uses nationally representative data from the Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old (SWEOLD), which includes those with the greatest care needs, allowing for analysis at the parent-child dyad level, including financial support to grandchildren.
Trade Off Map view 3: Caring across borders: ageing and digital technology in transnational fa
| Evidence field | Documented value |
|---|---|
| Document | Caring across borders: ageing and digital technology in transnational families |
| Provider | The Gerontologist |
| Bounded finding | BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The rise of transnational families has generated new care arrangements in which migrant children use digital technologies to support ageing parents across borders. While the functional role of digital technologies in facilitating remote care is well documented, their relational and culturally embedded dimensions remain less understood. This review synthesises recent evidence on how digital technologies shape transnational caregiving. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Eight electronic sources were systematically searched for studies on transnational families, ageing, digital technology (including artificial intelligence-AI), and care, published between 2020 and 2025. Eligible studies were extracted, coded, and analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Five themes were identified: 1) adoption and challenges for transnational ICT-mediated care; 2) ambivalence towards digital intimacy; 3) emotional labour and strategic concealment in transnational family care; 4) cultural norms and moral hierarchies of digital care; 5) structural inequalities in transnational care. Digital technologies both foster connection and amplify separation, serving as symbolic markers of family devotion and tools for managing information across generations. Rather than democratising care, technologies often reinforce existing global North-South, gendered, and class-based inequalities. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Digital technologies both sustain and transform transnational care, yet digitally mediated care remains relational and structurally constrained. Stronger digital inclusion and coordinated cross-border care infrastructures are needed to support ageing transnational families, while avoiding the reproduction of existing social, gendered, and global inequalities, and enabling older adults to age with dignity, connection, and security. |
Labour cost growth impacted price competitiveness: continued evidence 9
In the eighth section’s fourth paragraph, the first evidence point for Ageing cost and other fiscal pressures will weigh on the is that the findings show that half of the pairs had some form of support exchange, with one-third involving only care from adult children to parents, 14 percent involving only financial support from older parents to adult children and/or grandchildren, and 7 percent engaging in both exchanges. In the eighth section’s fourth paragraph, the second evidence point for Ageing cost and other fiscal pressures will weigh on the is that mothers were more likely to be involved than fathers, even after adjusting for family characteristics and geographical proximity. In the eighth section’s fourth paragraph, the fourth evidence point for Ageing cost and other fiscal pressures will weigh on the is that despite robust growth, the economy has been operating at two speeds, with headline inflation falling but underlying price pressures remaining high.
Labour Cost Growth Impacts Price Competitiveness OECD economic surveys Belgium Belgium's economy has been resilient to recent shocks, but public finances have deteriorated. Without fiscal consolidation, the debt-to-GDP ratio is projected to rise rapidly. Cutting ineffective public spending and reforming the budgetary framework to increase accountability across governments would help ensure public finances remain on a sustainable path. Reforms to taxes and benefits could foster labour market activation and expand the tax base.
Strengthening prevention and return-to-work programmes could help tackle the high and increasing take-up of disability benefits and better support employment of people with reduced work capacity. A coordinated strategy to reduce administrative costs and facilitate small firms' access to training could increase business dynamism and productivity. Targeted support for female entrepreneurs could unlock additional potential of the SME sector. Achieving the green transition requires setting up binding targets and improving coordination of climate policy across federal and regional governments. OECD economic surveys Belgium
OECD economic surveys Belgium Easing procedures and improved financing schemes would help deploy renewable energy production. Transparency in future environmental standards with adequate and well-targeted financial incentives would sustain household investment in energy efficiency and electrification, particularly in the transportation and building renovation sectors. OECD economic surveys Belgium Labour Market, Climate Policy, and Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises OECD economic surveys Belgium The digital revolution, the green transition, and rising longevity are leading to more fluid, fragmented, and diverse career paths spread over a longer lifespan. Workers across the globe are rethinking their career ambitions and increasingly face the prospect of having to seek new job opportunities and switch careers at middle and older ages.
How can health systems respond to population ageing: continued evidence 10
The rate of job changes has increased in recent decades, as shown by the 2022 AARP Global Employee Survey, which indicates that almost one in two workers aged 45 and above hopes to or expects to change jobs within the next three years. The green and digital transitions will undoubtedly create new job opportunities with prospects for good pay, benefits, and career progression. However, the evidence presented in this report suggests that the likelihood of workers switching to new occupations declines substantially with age. Moreover, unwanted job loss as a result of economic restructuring carries a substantial penalty for many older workers, leading to lower wages in new jobs or long periods of unemployment, hurting overall economic productivity and worker well-being.
OECD economic surveys Belgium OECD economic surveys Belgium Older workers with low skills are the most likely to be left behind by the transition into better-paying jobs with better working conditions that do not undermine their health and quality of life. Therefore, business and policy makers will need to do more to support positive and inclusive career transitions that give more experienced workers better opportunities to grow their skills, pay, and talent. Open Access at Essex University of Essex approaches How can health systems respond to population ageing through the document titled “How can health systems respond to population ageing.” The retrieved passage says, “Policy context All countries in Europe are experiencing an ageing of their populations with a decrease in the number of people of working age per retiree Health trends among the elderly are mixed severe disability is declining in.” Read narrowly, this establishes what that record discusses and how its author frames the issue. For this part of How can health systems respond to population ageing, The Gerontologist contributes the source “Caring across borders ageing and digital technology in transnational families.” In the retrieved material, the relevant wording is, “is well documented their relational and culturally embedded dimensions remain less understood This review synthesises recent evidence on how digital technologies shape transnational caregiving RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Eight electronic sources were systematically searched for studies on transnational.” The passage is valuable because it identifies a reported mechanism or condition in the source’s own frame.
The useful starting point for How can health systems respond to population ageing is Open Access at Essex University of Essex, whose source record is “How can health systems respond to population ageing.” Its available text includes, “increase with the ageing of the population the effects on health care expenditure are disputed It is clear that if appropriate measures are implemented in time population ageing does not inevitably lead to significantly higher health care expenditure.” That wording supplies a concrete evidence boundary rather than a promise about what follows.
Evidence-led takeaways
For Care and financial support in ageing families: continued evidence 1, the evidence recap begins with this bounded point: the changing shape of inequality The retrieved passage says Background Sweden is often seen as a place where older adults and their families are well supported thanks to comprehensive social policies such. OpenAlex research index The practical reading of Care and financial support in ageing families: continued evidence 1 is to compare the source date, definitions, jurisdiction and affected group before treating that point as relevant elsewhere. This Care and financial support in ageing families: continued evidence 1 recap does not convert an attributable estimate, opinion or observed relationship into certainty, personal suitability or a forecast. For Ageing and Employment Policies: continued evidence 2, the evidence recap begins with this bounded point: fragmented and diverse career paths spread out over a longer lifespan Consequently workers across the globe are rethinking their career ambitions and increasingly The passage is valuable because it identifies a reported.
Ageing and Employment Policies The practical reading of Ageing and Employment Policies: continued evidence 2 is to compare the source date, definitions, jurisdiction and affected group before treating that point as relevant elsewhere. This Ageing and Employment Policies: continued evidence 2 recap does not convert an attributable estimate, opinion or observed relationship into certainty, personal suitability or a forecast. For Caring across borders: ageing and digital technology in transnational families: continued evidence 3, the evidence recap begins with this bounded point: technologies facilitate remote care they also amplify the physical and emotional distance between generations This dual effect is particularly evident in the case of migrant children who use digital tools to support. The Gerontologist The practical reading of Caring across borders: ageing and digital technology in transnational families: continued evidence 3 is to compare the source date, definitions, jurisdiction and affected group before treating that point as relevant elsewhere.
This Caring across borders: ageing and digital technology in transnational families: continued evidence 3 recap does not convert an attributable estimate, opinion or observed relationship into certainty, personal suitability or a forecast. For Policies for Switzerland’s ageing society: continued evidence 4, the evidence recap begins with this bounded point: good retirement incomes despite a lack of reforms However reforms are urgently needed as the system is under increasing pressure A range of disincentives and barriers in the labor market and tax. OECD Economics Department working papers The practical reading of Policies for Switzerland’s ageing society: continued evidence 4 is to compare the source date, definitions, jurisdiction and affected group before treating that point as relevant elsewhere. This Policies for Switzerland’s ageing society: continued evidence 4 recap does not convert an attributable estimate, opinion or observed relationship into certainty, personal suitability or a forecast.
For The Last-Time Buyer: housing and finance for an ageing society: continued evidence 5, the evidence recap begins with this bounded point: later life are becoming more diverse ranging from household renovations passing wealth to the next generations and supporting them onto the housing ladder starting a business venture contributing to future care costs. City Research Online City University London The practical reading of The Last-Time Buyer: housing and finance for an ageing society: continued evidence 5 is to compare the source date, definitions, jurisdiction and affected group before treating that point as relevant elsewhere. This The Last-Time Buyer: housing and finance for an ageing society: continued evidence 5 recap does not convert an attributable estimate, opinion or observed relationship into certainty, personal suitability or a forecast. For The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and: continued evidence 6, the evidence recap begins with this bounded point: The source text states public spending and reforming the budgetary framework to increase accountability across governments would help ensure public finances are on a sustainable path Reforms to taxes and benefits could.
Durham e-Theses Durham University The practical reading of The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and: continued evidence 6 is to compare the source date, definitions, jurisdiction and affected group before treating that point as relevant elsewhere. This The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and: continued evidence 6 recap does not convert an attributable estimate, opinion or observed relationship into certainty, personal suitability or a forecast. For Labour market reform in Japan to cope with a shrinking: continued evidence 7, the evidence recap begins with this bounded point: addresses issues that discourage the employment of women such as the lack of work-life balance and shortages of high-quality and affordable childcare and long-term care for the elderly Fighting discrimination and gender.
Reader questions
What does the evidence show about Care and financial support in ageing families: continued evidence 1?
The bounded answer for Care and financial support in ageing families: continued evidence 1 starts with the source-specific observation that titled Care and financial support in ageing families the changing shape of inequality The retrieved passage says Background Sweden is often seen as a place where older adults and their families are well supported thanks to. OpenAlex research index For Care and financial support in ageing families: continued evidence 1, that observation should be read in its stated period, jurisdiction and population rather than extended into an unsupported universal conclusion. The useful next step for a reader examining Care and financial support in ageing families: continued evidence 1 is to compare the linked record with newer evidence and personal circumstances before acting.
What does the evidence show about Ageing and Employment Policies: continued evidence 2?
The bounded answer for Ageing and Employment Policies: continued evidence 2 starts with the source-specific observation that rise to more fluid fragmented and diverse career paths spread out over a longer lifespan Consequently workers across the globe are rethinking their career ambitions and increasingly The passage is valuable because it identifies a reported. Ageing and Employment Policies For Ageing and Employment Policies: continued evidence 2, that observation should be read in its stated period, jurisdiction and population rather than extended into an unsupported universal conclusion. The useful next step for a reader examining Ageing and Employment Policies: continued evidence 2 is to compare the linked record with newer evidence and personal circumstances before acting.
What does the evidence show about Caring across borders: ageing and digital technology in transnational families: continued evidence 3?
The bounded answer for Caring across borders: ageing and digital technology in transnational families: continued evidence 3 starts with the source-specific observation that technologies facilitate remote care they also amplify the physical and emotional distance between generations This dual effect is particularly evident in the case of migrant children who use digital tools to support their ageing parents often. The Gerontologist For Caring across borders: ageing and digital technology in transnational families: continued evidence 3, that observation should be read in its stated period, jurisdiction and population rather than extended into an unsupported universal conclusion. The useful next step for a reader examining Caring across borders: ageing and digital technology in transnational families: continued evidence 3 is to compare the linked record with newer evidence and personal circumstances before acting.
What does the evidence show about Policies for Switzerland’s ageing society: continued evidence 4?
The bounded answer for Policies for Switzerland’s ageing society: continued evidence 4 starts with the source-specific observation that a lack of reforms However reforms are urgently needed as the system is under increasing pressure A range of disincentives and barriers in the labor market and tax system contribute to early retirement and involuntary retirement. OECD Economics Department working papers For Policies for Switzerland’s ageing society: continued evidence 4, that observation should be read in its stated period, jurisdiction and population rather than extended into an unsupported universal conclusion. The useful next step for a reader examining Policies for Switzerland’s ageing society: continued evidence 4 is to compare the linked record with newer evidence and personal circumstances before acting.
What does the evidence show about The Last-Time Buyer: housing and finance for an ageing society: continued evidence 5?
The bounded answer for The Last-Time Buyer: housing and finance for an ageing society: continued evidence 5 starts with the source-specific observation that household renovations passing wealth to the next generations and supporting them onto the housing ladder starting a business venture contributing to future care costs or seeking more suitable housing for their lifestyle including downsizing Much of. City Research Online City University London For The Last-Time Buyer: housing and finance for an ageing society: continued evidence 5, that observation should be read in its stated period, jurisdiction and population rather than extended into an unsupported universal conclusion. The useful next step for a reader examining The Last-Time Buyer: housing and finance for an ageing society: continued evidence 5 is to compare the linked record with newer evidence and personal circumstances before acting.
Terms decoded
- Financial Support
- In this article, Financial Support describes the part of Care and financial support in ageing families: continued evidence 1 supported by the cited record, including this bounded context: titled Care and financial support in ageing families the changing shape of inequality The retrieved passage says Background Sweden is often seen as a place where older adults and their families are well supported thanks to. The Financial Support label does not imply that the same conditions apply to every place, period or reader.
- Ageing Employment
- In this article, Ageing Employment describes the part of Ageing and Employment Policies: continued evidence 2 supported by the cited record, including this bounded context: rise to more fluid fragmented and diverse career paths spread out over a longer lifespan Consequently workers across the globe are rethinking their career ambitions and increasingly The passage is valuable because it identifies a reported. The Ageing Employment label does not imply that the same conditions apply to every place, period or reader.
- Caring Across
- In this article, Caring Across describes the part of Caring across borders: ageing and digital technology in transnational families: continued evidence 3 supported by the cited record, including this bounded context: technologies facilitate remote care they also amplify the physical and emotional distance between generations This dual effect is particularly evident in the case of migrant children who use digital tools to support their ageing parents often. The Caring Across label does not imply that the same conditions apply to every place, period or reader.
- Policies Switzerland
- In this article, Policies Switzerland describes the part of Policies for Switzerland’s ageing society: continued evidence 4 supported by the cited record, including this bounded context: a lack of reforms However reforms are urgently needed as the system is under increasing pressure A range of disincentives and barriers in the labor market and tax system contribute to early retirement and involuntary retirement. The Policies Switzerland label does not imply that the same conditions apply to every place, period or reader.
- Buyer Housing
- In this article, Buyer Housing describes the part of The Last-Time Buyer: housing and finance for an ageing society: continued evidence 5 supported by the cited record, including this bounded context: household renovations passing wealth to the next generations and supporting them onto the housing ladder starting a business venture contributing to future care costs or seeking more suitable housing for their lifestyle including downsizing Much of. The Buyer Housing label does not imply that the same conditions apply to every place, period or reader.
- Linked Lives
- In this article, Linked Lives describes the part of The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and: continued evidence 6 supported by the cited record, including this bounded context: increase accountability across governments would help ensure public finances are on a sustainable path Reforms to taxes and benefits could foster labour market activation and expand the tax base Strengthening This is evidence of the statement. The Linked Lives label does not imply that the same conditions apply to every place, period or reader.
- Labour Market
- In this article, Labour Market describes the part of Labour market reform in Japan to cope with a shrinking: continued evidence 7 supported by the cited record, including this bounded context: shortages of high-quality and affordable childcare and long-term care for the elderly Fighting discrimination and gender stereotypes is also crucial to allow women to assume greater leadership roles The OECD Economic Survey of Japan published in. The Labour Market label does not imply that the same conditions apply to every place, period or reader.
- Ageing Other
- In this article, Ageing Other describes the part of Ageing cost and other fiscal pressures will weigh on the: continued evidence 8 supported by the cited record, including this bounded context: The study uses nationally representative data from the Swedish Panel Study of Living Conditions of the Oldest Old SWEOLD which includes those with the greatest care needs allowing for analysis at the parent-child dyad level The. The Ageing Other label does not imply that the same conditions apply to every place, period or reader.
Evidence ledger
- OpenAlex research index — Care and financial support in ageing families : the changing shape of inequality ·
- Ageing and Employment Policies — Ageing and Employment Policies ·
- The Gerontologist — Caring across borders: ageing and digital technology in transnational families ·
- OECD Economics Department working papers — Policies for Switzerland’s ageing society ·
- City Research Online (City University London) — The Last-Time Buyer: housing and finance for an ageing society ·
- Durham e-Theses (Durham University) — The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and their families in Poland: Making the case for valuing unpaid care labour. ·
- OECD Economics Department working papers — Labour market reform in Japan to cope with a shrinking and ageing population ·
- OECD economic surveys. Denmark — Ageing cost and other fiscal pressures will weigh on the public finances ·
- OECD economic surveys. Belgium — Labour cost growth impacted price competitiveness ·
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) — How can health systems respond to population ageing ·
More from Daily Yield
- Daily ArticleMore original Daily Yield explainers.
- CalculatorsModel financial assumptions with Daily Yield tools.
- Markets TodayCurrent cross-asset context.
- Global SnapshotConcise global market context.
- Money AtlasCountry-specific financial context.
Primary reading
- OpenAlex research index — Care and financial support in ageing families : the changing shape of inequality ·
- Ageing and Employment Policies — Ageing and Employment Policies ·
- The Gerontologist — Caring across borders: ageing and digital technology in transnational families ·
- OECD Economics Department working papers — Policies for Switzerland’s ageing society ·
- City Research Online (City University London) — The Last-Time Buyer: housing and finance for an ageing society ·
- Durham e-Theses (Durham University) — The linked lives of Polish worker-carers in the UK and their families in Poland: Making the case for valuing unpaid care labour. ·
- OECD Economics Department working papers — Labour market reform in Japan to cope with a shrinking and ageing population ·
- OECD economic surveys. Denmark — Ageing cost and other fiscal pressures will weigh on the public finances ·
- OECD economic surveys. Belgium — Labour cost growth impacted price competitiveness ·
- Open Access at Essex (University of Essex) — How can health systems respond to population ageing ·
Important: Educational information only; not personalised financial, tax, investment, credit or legal advice.
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